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  2. Rotation matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix

    A 180° rotation (middle) followed by a positive 90° rotation (left) is equivalent to a single negative 90° (positive 270°) rotation (right). Each of these figures depicts the result of a rotation relative to an upright starting position (bottom left) and includes the matrix representation of the permutation applied by the rotation (center ...

  3. Optical rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rotation

    Optical rotation, also known as ... and i is the imaginary unit, in this case representing the 90-degree phase shift between the x and y components that we have ...

  4. Euler angles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_angles

    Sets of rotation axes associated with both proper Euler angles and Tait–Bryan angles are commonly named using this notation (see above for details). If each step of the rotation acts on the rotating coordinate system XYZ, the rotation is intrinsic (Z-X'-Z''). Intrinsic rotation can also be denoted 3-1-3.

  5. Quaternions and spatial rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternions_and_spatial...

    Use your right hand to create a pair of 90 degree rotations. Both dice are initially configured as shown in the upper left-hand corner (with 1 dot on the top face.) Path A begins with a rotation about the –y axis (using the right-hand rule .), followed by a rotation about the +z axis, resulting in the configuration shown in the lower left ...

  6. Rotation formalisms in three dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in...

    Rotation formalisms are focused on proper (orientation-preserving) motions of the Euclidean space with one fixed point, that a rotation refers to.Although physical motions with a fixed point are an important case (such as ones described in the center-of-mass frame, or motions of a joint), this approach creates a knowledge about all motions.

  7. Polarization rotator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_rotator

    A broadband prismatic rotator rotates the linear polarization by 90° using seven internal reflections to induce collinear rotation, as shown in the diagram. [2] The polarization is rotated in the second reflection, but that leaves the beam in a different plane and at a right angle relative to the incident beam.

  8. Rotational symmetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_symmetry

    An object's degree of rotational symmetry is the number of distinct orientations in which it looks exactly the same for each rotation. Certain geometric objects are partially symmetrical when rotated at certain angles such as squares rotated 90°, however the only geometric objects that are fully rotationally symmetric at any angle are spheres ...

  9. Jones calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_calculus

    Finding the Jones matrix, J(α, β, γ), for an arbitrary rotation involves a three-dimensional rotation matrix. In the following notation α, β and γ are the yaw, pitch, and roll angles (rotation about the z-, y-, and x-axes, with x being the direction of propagation), respectively. The full combination of the 3-dimensional rotation matrices ...