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Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. [3] Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. [2] Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination. [2] Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure. [3]
BK virus infection is self-limiting and is known to establish lifelong latent infection in the urinary system. The mechanism of how the virus establishes latency is not fully understood. Therefore, it is not known if BKV stays latent in the cells or maintains low level replication with persistent infection.
Nephritis can often be caused by infections and toxins, but it is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs like kidneys. [5] Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney. [6]
Kidney failure is known as the end-stage of kidney disease, where dialysis or a kidney transplant is the only treatment option. Chronic kidney disease is defined as prolonged kidney abnormalities (functional and/or structural in nature) that last for more than three months. [ 1 ]
Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]
This constellation of symptoms contrasts with the classical presentation of nephrotic syndrome (excessive proteinuria >3.5 g/day, low plasma albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) <3 g/L, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia). [8] [10] Signs and symptoms that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include: Hematuria (red blood cells in the urine) [11]
Treatments for infectious diseases often prevent the lifelong misery of chronic infections. Funding streams for both chronic and acute medical conditions are, and have always been, a critically ...
Symptoms of a kidney infection include fever and flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI. [9] Rarely the urine may appear bloody. [10] In the very old and the very young, symptoms may be vague or non-specific. [8] [11] Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic pain that ...