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The human genome, categorized by function of each gene product, given both as number of genes and as percentage of all genes. [7] Proteins may also be classified based on their cellular function. A widely used classification is PANTHER (protein analysis through evolutionary relationships) classification system. [7]
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location ...
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. [1] They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 17 kJ (4 kcal) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram.
Protein structure databases are critical for many efforts in computational biology such as structure based drug design, both in developing the computational methods used and in providing a large experimental dataset used by some methods to provide insights about the function of a protein.
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms: [2] Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments. Transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane. They can be categorized according to the Transporter Classification database.
Plasma proteins, sometimes referred to as blood proteins, are proteins present in blood plasma. They serve many different functions, including transport of lipids, hormones, vitamins and minerals in activity and functioning of the immune system. Other blood proteins act as enzymes, complement components, protease inhibitors or kinin precursors.
An apoenzyme (or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound. It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein. This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein.
Peptides can perform interactions with proteins and other macromolecules. They are responsible for numerous important functions in human cells, such as cell signaling, and act as immune modulators. [21] Indeed, studies have reported that 15-40% of all protein-protein interactions in human cells are mediated by peptides. [22]