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Speculative ontology aims to determine which entities actually exist, for example, whether there are numbers or whether time is an illusion. [81] Martin Heidegger proposed fundamental ontology to study the meaning of being. Metaontology studies the underlying concepts, assumptions, and methods of ontology.
The field which studies ontologies so conceived is sometimes referred to as applied ontology. [1] Every academic discipline or field, in creating its terminology, thereby lays the groundwork for an ontology. Each uses ontological assumptions to frame explicit theories, research and applications.
Example of a constructed MBED Top Level Ontology based on the nominal set of views. [1]In computer science, information science and systems engineering, ontology engineering is a field which studies the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, which encompasses a representation, formal naming and definition of the categories, properties and relations between the concepts, data and ...
Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
Applied ontology is the application of Ontology for practical purposes. This can involve employing ontological methods or resources to specific domains, [ 1 ] such as management , relationships , biomedicine , information science or geography .
Moreover, Heidegger went on to separate his fundamental ontology from previous ontologies. Heidegger wrote that clarifying the meaning of being is required for the basis of all fields of science. For Heidegger, the ontical forms of research conducted by scientists presuppose the fundamental-ontological. As he expresses it:
The general formal ontology (GFO), developed by Heinrich Herre and his colleagues of the research group Onto-Med in Leipzig, is a realistic ontology integrating processes and objects. It attempts to include many aspects of recent philosophy, which is reflected both in its taxonomic tree and its axiomatizations.
Ontology languages are usually declarative languages, are almost always generalizations of frame languages, and are commonly based on either first-order logic or on description logic. Classification of ontology languages