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Specifically, ligand-NMR, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography are commonly used techniques in the drug discovery process. For example, researchers have used structural biology to better understand Met , a protein encoded by a protooncogene that is an important drug target in cancer . [ 25 ]
Germline mutations in drug targets can also influence response to medications, though this is an emerging subfield within pharmacogenomics. One well-established gene-drug interaction involving a germline mutation to a drug target is warfarin (Coumadin) and VKORC1, which codes for vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR).
An example of a pharmacophore model. In medicinal chemistry and molecular biology, a pharmacophore is an abstract description of molecular features that are necessary for molecular recognition of a ligand by a biological macromolecule.
Gerhard Wagner (born 1945) is a German-American physicist. Currently the Elkan Rogers Blout Professor of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School, he is an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and ...
This allows modification of the effect or the potency of a bioactive compound (typically a drug) by changing its chemical structure. Medicinal chemists use the techniques of chemical synthesis to insert new chemical groups into the biomedical compound and test the modifications for their biological effects.
Translational bioinformatics is a relatively young field within translational research. [5] [6] Google trends indicate the use of "bioinformatics" has decreased since the mid-1990s when it was suggested as a transformative approach to biomedical research. [6] It was coined, however, close to ten years earlier. [7]
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In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity was about US$1.8 billion. [7] In the 21st century, basic discovery research is funded primarily by governments and by philanthropic organizations, while late-stage development is funded primarily by pharmaceutical companies or venture capitalists. [8]