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  2. History of molecular theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory

    In two papers outlining his "theory of atomicity of the elements" (1857–58), Friedrich August Kekulé was the first to offer a theory of how every atom in an organic molecule was bonded to every other atom. He proposed that carbon atoms were tetravalent, and could bond to themselves to form the carbon skeletons of organic molecules.

  3. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Mesomorphic states: States of matter intermediate between solid and liquid. Plastic crystal: A molecular solid with long-range positional order but with constituent molecules retaining rotational freedom. Liquid crystal: Properties intermediate between liquids and crystals. Generally, able to flow like a liquid but exhibiting long-range ...

  4. File:Molecules and the molecular theory of matter (IA ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molecules_and_the...

    Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us

  5. Valence bond theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bond_theory

    Valence bond theory complements molecular orbital theory, which does not adhere to the valence bond idea that electron pairs are localized between two specific atoms in a molecule but that they are distributed in sets of molecular orbitals which can extend over the entire molecule. Although both theories describe chemical bonding, molecular ...

  6. Atoms in molecules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms_in_molecules

    In quantum chemistry, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), sometimes referred to as atoms in molecules (AIM), is a model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems (such as crystals) in which the principal objects of molecular structure - atoms and bonds - are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function.

  7. Chemical bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond

    More sophisticated theories are valence bond theory, which includes orbital hybridization [5] and resonance, [6] and molecular orbital theory [7] which includes the linear combination of atomic orbitals and ligand field theory. Electrostatics are used to describe bond polarities and the effects they have on chemical substances.

  8. Molecule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule

    Also carbohydrates, for example, have the same ratio (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen= 1:2:1) (and thus the same empirical formula) but different total numbers of atoms in the molecule. The molecular formula reflects the exact number of atoms that compose the molecule and so characterizes different molecules. However different isomers can have the same ...

  9. Molecular model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model

    Molecular models may be created for several reasons – as pedagogic tools for students or those unfamiliar with atomistic structures; as objects to generate or test theories (e.g., the structure of DNA); as analogue computers (e.g., for measuring distances and angles in flexible systems); or as aesthetically pleasing objects on the boundary of ...

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