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A pine cone will go through many cycles of opening and closing during its life span, even after seed dispersal is complete. [3] This process occurs with older cones while attached to branches and even after the older cones have fallen to the forest floor .
The weather of these forests is quite mild in both winter and summer. Temperatures rarely go below freezing or grow uncomfortably warm. Closed-cone pine forests of California are located in cool-summer Mediterranean climate regions along the coast with cool wet winters and hot, dry summers. Despite the fact that the summers are dry, the air is ...
Open cone with empty pine nuts. The seed cones open to 6–9 cm (2 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) broad when mature, holding the seeds on the scales after opening. The seeds are 11–16 mm (7 ⁄ 16 – 5 ⁄ 8 in) long, with a thin shell, a white endosperm, and a vestigial 1–2 mm (1 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 32 in) wing. Empty pine nuts with ...
Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers. At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. In some of the bird-dispersed species, for example whitebark pine, [15] the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed cones for many years ...
The piñon pine (Pinus edulis) is a small to medium size tree, reaching 3.0–6.1 metres (10–20 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 80 centimetres (31 in), rarely more. Its growth is "at an almost inconceivably slow rate" growing only 1.8 meters (6 ft) in one hundred years under good conditions.
The cones open to 10–15 cm (4–6 in) broad when mature. The seeds are 2–3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long, with a thick shell, with a vestigial 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) wing; the seedlings have 18–24 cotyledons , the highest number reported for any plant.
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The cones are 10–18 cm (4–7 in) long and 9–11 cm (3 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) wide when open, with wrinkled, reflexed apophyses and an umbo curved inward at the base. The seeds ( pine nuts ) are 17–23 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 7 ⁄ 8 in) long and 5–7 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 1 ⁄ 4 in) broad, with a thin shell and a rudimentary wing.