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Phonemic awareness is a subset of phonological awareness that focuses specifically on recognizing and manipulating phonemes, the smallest units of sound. Phonics requires students to know and match letters or letter patterns with sounds, learn the rules of spelling, and use this information to decode (read) and encode (write) words.
Phonemic awareness is a part of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest mental units of sound that help to differentiate units of meaning (morphemes). Separating the spoken word "cat" into three distinct phonemes, /k/, /æ/, and /t/, requires phonemic awareness.
The 2014 teachers' Professional Development guide [195] covers the seven areas of attitude and motivation, fluency, comprehension, word identification, vocabulary, phonological awareness, phonics, and assessment. It recommends that phonics be taught in a systematic and structured way and is preceded by training in phonological awareness.
Phonemic awareness has been argued to be the most important aspect of phonological awareness when learning to read. [16] Due to its importance, many preschool, kindergarten and higher grade levels have phonological awareness programs. Specific and explicit phonological awareness instruction is the most effective way for children to learn.
The Phonological Awareness for Literacy (PAL) Program is a commercial literacy therapy program designed to improve phonological awareness skills required for literacy in children aged 8 to 12. It aims to create and strengthen awareness of the relationship between phonological awareness skills to reading and writing.
Metalinguistics awareness was used as a construct in research extensively in the mid 1980s and early 1990s. Metalinguistic awareness is a theme that has frequently appeared in the study of bilingualism. It can be divided into four subcategories, namely phonological, word, syntactic and pragmatic awareness (Tunmer, Herriman, & Nesdale, 1988).
Phonological awareness is an essential skill for reading, writing, listening and talking. Synthetic phonics involves the development of phonemic awareness from the outset. As part of the decoding process, the reader learns up to 44 phonemes (the smallest units of sound) and their related graphemes (the written symbols for the phoneme).
Phonological awareness and word awareness work in tandem in order to allow the language user to process, understand, and utilize the constituent parts of the language being used. These forms of metalinguistic awareness are of particular relevance in the process of learning how to read.
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