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Anxiety and headaches accompany the episodes of visual distortion associated with epilepsy. While Valproic acid has been used to treat this type of seizure, [ 20 ] anti-seizure medications appropriate for focal-onset seizures, like oxcarbazapine , have also been used successfully in the treatment of epilepsy-related macropsia.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) is a detailed hierarchical classification of all headache-related disorders published by the International Headache Society. [1] It is considered the official classification of headaches by the World Health Organization , and, in 1992, was incorporated into the 10th edition of their ...
Cluster headache affects about 0.1% of the general population at some point in their life. [5] Males are affected about four times more often than females. [5] The condition usually starts between the ages of 20 and 50 years, although it can occur at any age. [1] About one in five of adults reports the onset of cluster headache between 10 and ...
CPH occurs roughly in 1 in 50,000 people, while cluster headaches are comparatively more common and are found in 1 in 1000 people. [5] Cluster headaches occur primarily in men, while CPH is more commonly diagnosed in women. [6] The female to male ratio of diagnosed patients can range anywhere from 1.6:1 to 2.36:1. [5]
A scotoma is an area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved – vision. Every normal mammalian eye has a scotoma in its field of vision, usually termed its blind spot.
Visual field-bitemporal hemianopia Visual field-binasal hemianopia. A lesion involving complete optic chiasm, which disrupts the axons from the nasal field of both eyes, causes loss of vision of the right half of the right visual field and the left half of the left visual field. [3] This visual field defect is called as bitemporal hemianopia.
Micropsia is a condition affecting human visual perception in which objects are perceived to be smaller than they actually are. Micropsia can be caused by optical factors (such as wearing glasses), by distortion of images in the eye (such as optically, via swelling of the cornea or from changes in the shape of the retina such as from retinal edema, macular degeneration, or central serous ...
Visual acuity is reduced in half, and over 60% have a visual field defect. [2] [4] The visual loss depends on which part of the nerve is affected. If the part of the nerve between the eye and the chiasm is compressed, the result is vision loss in one eye. If the part after the chiasm is affected, visual loss on one side of the visual field ...