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In engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain.It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing).
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
Stress analysis is specifically concerned with solid objects. The study of stresses in liquids and gases is the subject of fluid mechanics.. Stress analysis adopts the macroscopic view of materials characteristic of continuum mechanics, namely that all properties of materials are homogeneous at small enough scales.
Q H = W + Q C = heat exchanged with the hot reservoir. η = W / (Q C + Q H) = thermal efficiency of the cycle If the cycle moves in a clockwise sense, then it is a heat engine that outputs work; if the cycle moves in a counterclockwise sense, it is a heat pump that takes in work and moves heat Q H from the cold reservoir to the hot reservoir.
Where p is the pressure, T is the temperature, R the ideal gas constant, and V m the molar volume. a and b are parameters that are determined empirically for each gas, but are sometimes estimated from their critical temperature (T c) and critical pressure (p c) using these relations:
Paschen's law is an equation that gives the breakdown voltage, that is, the voltage necessary to start a discharge or electric arc, between two electrodes in a gas as a function of pressure and gap length. [2] [3] It is named after Friedrich Paschen who discovered it empirically in 1889. [4]
In the diagram on the right, the phase boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely. Instead, it terminates at a point on the phase diagram called the critical point . This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatures and pressures, the liquid and gaseous phases become indistinguishable, [ 3 ] in what is known as a ...
Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. . This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and ...