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The probe is the spherical part, 50 mm in diameter and made from titanium with a surface coating of titanium nitride. A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric ...
This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets, but excludes lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions.
Solar System space probes operational as of November 2024. This is a list of active space probes which have escaped Earth orbit. It includes lunar space probes, but does not include space probes orbiting at the Sun–Earth Lagrangian points (for these, see List of objects at Lagrangian points). A craft is deemed "active" if it is still able to ...
SWEAP consists of the Solar Probe Cup (SPC), a Faraday cup that faces the Sun and is designed to measure mostly protons and alphas with the occasional measurement of electrons in the space environment near the Sun: the Solar Probe Analyzers (SPAN-A and SPAN-B); [10] [11] and the SWEAP electronics module (SWEM).
The Parker Solar Probe (PSP; previously Solar Probe, Solar Probe Plus or Solar Probe+) [6] is a NASA space probe launched in 2018 to make observations of the Sun's outer corona. It used repeated gravity assists from Venus to develop an eccentric orbit, approaching within 9.86 solar radii (6.9 million km or 4.3 million miles) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] from ...
An enduring mystique surrounds the Voyager 1 and 2 probes. Launched two weeks apart in 1977, the twin probes changed the way we see our solar system, sending back stunningly detailed views of ...
The Star-Spectroscope of the Lick Observatory in 1898. Designed by James Keeler and constructed by John Brashear.. Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, infrared and radio waves that radiate from stars and other celestial objects.
Impact ionization detectors use the simultaneous detection of positive ions and electrons upon dust impact on a solid target. This coincidence provides a means to discriminate from noise on a single channel. The first successful dust detector in interplanetary space at about 1 AU was flown on the Pioneer 8 and Pioneer 9 space probes. [59]