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The probe is the spherical part, 50 mm in diameter and made from titanium with a surface coating of titanium nitride. A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric ...
This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets, but excludes lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions.
The temperature variation in the CMB temperature maps at higher multipoles, or ℓ ≥ 2, is considered to be the result of perturbations of the density in the early Universe, before the recombination epoch at a redshift of around z ⋍ 1100. Before recombination, the Universe consisted of a hot, dense plasma of electrons and baryons.
SWEAP consists of the Solar Probe Cup (SPC), a Faraday cup that faces the Sun and is designed to measure mostly protons and alphas with the occasional measurement of electrons in the space environment near the Sun: the Solar Probe Analyzers (SPAN-A and SPAN-B); [10] [11] and the SWEAP electronics module (SWEM).
13.772 ± 0.059 billion-year-old temperature fluctuations and a temperature range of ± 200 microkelvins are shown in the image. In addition, the study found that 95% of the early universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy , the curvature of space is less than 0.4% of "flat" and the universe emerged from the cosmic Dark Ages "about 400 ...
An enduring mystique surrounds the Voyager 1 and 2 probes. Launched two weeks apart in 1977, the twin probes changed the way we see our solar system, sending back stunningly detailed views of ...
The isotopic signature of water vapour from comet 67P, as determined by the Rosetta spacecraft, is substantially different from that found on Earth. That is, the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it very unlikely that water found on Earth came ...
This is known as the single-probe method. (b) The surface areas are very small in comparison with the dimensions of the vessel containing the plasma and approximately equal to each other. This is the double-probe method. Conventional Langmuir probe theory assumes collisionless movement of charge carriers in the space charge sheath around the probe.