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The top image shows asperities under no load. The bottom image depicts the same surface after applying a load. In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough" [1]), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology.
In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.
The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units; that is, physical quantities that are generally believed to be universal in nature and thus are independent of the unit system in which they are measured.
L 2 T −2 Θ −1: intensive Specific volume: v: Volume per unit mass (reciprocal of density) m 3 ⋅kg −1: L 3 M −1: intensive Spin: S: Quantum-mechanically defined angular momentum of a particle kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −1: L 2 M T −1: Strain: ε: Extension per unit length unitless 1: Stress: σ: Force per unit oriented surface area Pa L −1 M ...
A Magic Triangle image mnemonic - when the terms of Ohm's law are arranged in this configuration, covering the unknown gives the formula in terms of the remaining parameters. It can be adapted to similar equations e.g. F = ma, v = fλ, E = mcΔT, V = π r 2 h and τ = rF sinθ.
The SI unit for specific strength is Pa⋅m 3 /kg, or N⋅m/kg, which is dimensionally equivalent to m 2 /s 2, though the latter form is rarely used. Specific strength has the same units as specific energy , and is related to the maximum specific energy of rotation that an object can have without flying apart due to centrifugal force .
The roughness length plays a part in determining the slope of the line. Roughness length ( z 0 {\displaystyle z_{0}} ) is a parameter used in modeling the horizontal mean wind speed near the ground.
Statistical physics: Paul Langevin: Laplace's equation Laplace's tidal equations: Electromagnetism, Fluid dynamics Fluid dynamics: Pierre-Simon Laplace Pierre-Simon Laplace Legendre's equation: Spherical harmonics: Adrien-Marie Legendre: Leonard–Merritt formula: Astrophysics: Peter Leonard and David Merritt: Levy–Mises equations: Solid ...