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A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail. Although the nail is a structure produced by the skin and is a skin appendage , nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions.
The four main tests are a potassium hydroxide smear, culture, histology examination, and polymerase chain reaction. [2] [3] The sample examined is generally nail scrapings or clippings. [2] These being from as far up the nail as possible. [3] Nail plate biopsy with periodic acid-Schiff stain appear more useful than culture or direct KOH ...
At least since the time of Hippocrates, clubbing has been recognized as a sign of disease. [5] The phenomenon has been called "Hippocratic fingers". Self-portrait by Dick Ket showing nail clubbing. The Dutch painter Dick Ket had nail clubbing as is seen from his paintings. He had an underlying disease, probably dextrocardia. [17]
Manicures, nail polish and remover, nail biting, and repeated trauma such as typing, can contribute to nail splitting. [1] Dehydration likely plays a role. [3] Nutritional deficiencies that can result in nail splitting include iron, selenium, and zinc. [1] Some skin diseases such as psoriasis and lichen planus may feature such nails. [3]
Also known as "true" leukonychia, this is the most common form of leukonychia, in which small white spots appear on the nails. Picking and biting of the nails are a prominent cause in young children and nail biters. Besides parakeratosis, air that is trapped between the cells may also cause this appearance. [5] It is also caused by trauma.
"Constant biting can lead to poor dental occlusion," says Richard Scher, M.D., an expert in nail disorders, "so the biter's teeth shift out of position or become oddly shaped."
Terry's nails is a physical condition in which a person's fingernails or toenails [1]: ... Eighty percent of patients with severe liver disease have Terry's nails, ...
Onychomadesis is a periodic idiopathic shedding of the nails beginning at the proximal end, possibly caused by the temporary arrest of the function of the nail matrix. [1]: 784 [2]: 660 One cause in children is hand, foot, and mouth disease. [3] This generally resolves without complication.