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While terrestrial animals often have a uniform method of producing and detecting sounds, aquatic animals have a range of mechanisms to produce and detect both vocal and non-vocal sounds. [7] In terms of sound production, fish can produce sounds such as boat-whistles, grunts and croaks using their swim bladder or pectoral fin.
The categories that have been developed to analyze human memory (short term memory, long term memory, working memory) have been applied to the study of animal memory, and some of the phenomena characteristic of human short term memory (e.g. the serial position effect) have been detected in animals, particularly monkeys. [56]
Short range calls are reported during social and resting periods while long range are more commonly reported during foraging and feeding. [21] Most other whales and dolphins produce sounds of varying degrees of complexity. Of particular interest is the Beluga (the "sea canary") which produces an immense variety of whistles, clicks and pulses ...
As described above, many animal gestures, postures, and sounds, convey meaning to nearby animals. These signals are often easier to describe than to interpret. It is tempting, especially with domesticated animals and apes, to anthropomorphize , that is, to interpret animal actions in human terms, but this can be quite misleading; for example ...
To study more complex systems such as motor learning, object recognition, short term memory and working memory, often primates such as the macaque monkey are used because of their large brains and more sophisticated intelligence. [33] Small rodents can be used to study aversive conditioning and emotional memory, and contextual/spatial memory. [34]
Many animals produce sound to communicate with each other, and bats are no exception. They can produce a range of frequencies, also known as the vocal range, that far exceeds vertebrates including ...
Underwater hearing is by bone conduction, and localization of sound appears to depend on differences in amplitude detected by bone conduction. [7] As such, aquatic animals such as fish have a more specialized hearing apparatus that is effective underwater. [8] Fish can sense sound through their lateral lines and their otoliths (ears).
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