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The humanistic term litterae antiquae (the "ancient letters") applied to this hand was an inheritance from the fourteenth century, where the phrase had been opposed to litterae modernae ("modern letters"), or blackletter. [3] The humanist minuscule was connected to the humanistic content of the texts for which it was the appropriate vehicle.
Gregg Shorthand Alphabet, with letters and words from Esperanto. Gregg shorthand is a system of phonography, or a phonemic writing system, which means it records the sounds of the speaker, not the English spelling. [4] For example, it uses the f stroke for the / f / sound in funnel, telephone, and laugh, [8] and omits all silent letters. [4]
Spencerian script is a handwriting script style based on Copperplate script that was used in the United States from approximately 1850 to 1925, [1] [2] and was considered the American de facto standard writing style for business correspondence prior to the widespread adoption of the typewriter.
These systems used normally written letters of the alphabet, but also some number of symbols, alphabetic characters changed in shape or position, or special marks for punctuation and so they are more accurately described as hybrid shorthand systems. In contrast, Personal Shorthand uses only the 26 letters of the alphabet, without any special ...
Coins were very important in the development of the Kufic script. In fact, "the letter strokes on coins, had become perfectly straight, with curves tending toward geometrical circularity by 86", observes Alain George. [20] As an example, Kufic is commonly seen on Seljuk coins and monuments and on early Ottoman coins.
Sample writing from The Palmer Method of Business Writing The Palmer Method of penmanship instruction was developed and promoted by Austin Palmer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was intended to simplify the earlier " Spencerian method ", which had been the main handwriting learning method since the 1840s. [ 1 ]
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Text simplification is an operation used in natural language processing to change, enhance, classify, or otherwise process an existing body of human-readable text so its grammar and structure is greatly simplified while the underlying meaning and information remain the same. Text simplification is an important area of research because of ...