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Back_Propagation_Through_Time(a, y) // a[t] is the input at time t. y[t] is the output Unfold the network to contain k instances of f do until stopping criterion is met: x := the zero-magnitude vector // x is the current context for t from 0 to n − k do // t is time. n is the length of the training sequence Set the network inputs to x, a[t ...
Backpropagation computes the gradient of a loss function with respect to the weights of the network for a single input–output example, and does so efficiently, computing the gradient one layer at a time, iterating backward from the last layer to avoid redundant calculations of intermediate terms in the chain rule; this can be derived through ...
Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a class of highly efficient linear block codes made from many single parity check (SPC) codes. They can provide performance very close to the channel capacity (the theoretical maximum) using an iterated soft-decision decoding approach, at linear time complexity in terms of their block length.
For a concrete example, consider a typical recurrent network defined by = (,,) = + + where = (,) is the network parameter, is the sigmoid activation function [note 2], applied to each vector coordinate separately, and is the bias vector.
If that fails, resend the frame after either 0 s, 51.2 μs, 102.4 μs, or 153.6 μs. If that still fails, resend the frame after k · 51.2 μs, where k is a random integer between 0 and 2 3 − 1. For further failures, after the cth failed attempt, resend the frame after k · 51.2 μs, where k is a random integer between 0 and 2 c − 1.
If a multilayer perceptron has a linear activation function in all neurons, that is, a linear function that maps the weighted inputs to the output of each neuron, then linear algebra shows that any number of layers can be reduced to a two-layer input-output model.
Artificial neural network architectures are based on inputs multiplied by weights to obtain outputs (inputs-to-output): feedforward. [2] Recurrent neural networks, or neural networks with loops allow information from later processing stages to feed back to earlier stages for sequence processing. [3]
Neural backpropagation is the phenomenon in which, after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon (normal propagation), another impulse is generated from the soma and propagates towards the apical portions of the dendritic arbor or dendrites (from which much of the original input current originated).