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The objective of cancer screening is to detect cancer before symptoms appear, involving various methods such as blood tests, urine tests, DNA tests, and medical imaging. [1] [2] The purpose of screening is early cancer detection, to make the cancer easier to treat and extending life expectancy. [3]
[14] [15] Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. [11] The benefits of screening for breast cancer are controversial. [11] [16] Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. [2] [4] Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. [2]
Minimal residual disease (MRD), also known as Molecular residual disease, is the name given to small numbers of cancer cells that remain in a person either during or after treatment when the patient is in remission (no symptoms or signs of disease). Sensitive molecular tests are either in development or available to test for MRD.
The Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) is a collaboration led by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) focused on the discovery of cancer biomarkers.The effort, started in 2000, includes both principal investigators and associate members from leading research institutions across the United States.
A major effect of routine breast screening is to greatly increase the rate of early breast cancer detection, in particular for non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), sometimes called "pre-breast cancer", which almost never forms a lump and which generally cannot be detected except through mammography. While this ability to detect such ...
The CEA blood test is not reliable for diagnosing cancer or as a screening test for early detection of cancer. [8] Most types of cancer do not result in a high CEA level. [9] Serum from individuals with colorectal carcinoma often has higher levels of CEA than healthy individuals (above approximately 2.5ng/mL). [10]
Molecular analysis of cfDNA resulted in an important discovery that blood plasma DNA from cancer patients contains tumor-associated mutations and it can be used for cancer diagnostics and follow up. [21] [22] The ability to extract circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from the human plasma has led to huge advancements in noninvasive cancer detection. [23]
[2] [1] This is known as metastasis, responsible for most cancer-related deaths. [3] The detection and analysis of CTCs can assist early patient prognoses and determine appropriate tailored treatments. [4] Currently, there is one FDA-approved method for CTC detection, CellSearch, which is used to diagnose breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. [5]