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Styrene is regarded as a "known carcinogen", especially in case of eye contact, but also in case of skin contact, of ingestion and of inhalation, according to several sources. [20] [33] [34] [35] Styrene is largely metabolized into styrene oxide in humans, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450.
Humans are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle. Microplastics effects on human health are of growing concern and an area of research. The tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), have been found in various environmental and biological matrices, including air, water, food, and human tissues.
These effects are caused by the interaction of the chemical with an organism's cell membranes, often leading to cell or tissue damage or death (Peake, 2016). Chronic ecotoxicity, on the other hand, refers to harmful effects from long-term exposure, ranging from 15 days to several years.
Styrene is "generally found in such low levels in consumer products that risks aren't substantial". [110] Polystyrene which is used for food contact may not contain more than 1% (0.5% for fatty foods) of styrene by weight. [111] Styrene oligomers in polystyrene containers used for food packaging have been found to migrate into the food. [112]
A colony of limpets attached to a diving mask, found washed ashore on a beach The plastisphere is a human-made ecosystem consisting of organisms able to live on plastic waste. Plastic marine debris , most notably microplastics , accumulates in aquatic environments and serves as a habitat for various types of microorganisms, including bacteria ...
The secondary interaction, the chelating effect, involves the bonding of the antimicrobial polymer to the microbial cell. These interactions lead to membrane disruption and ultimately inhibited cell growth or death. [5] The cytoplasmic membrane of a cell is a semi-permeable membrane, which controls the transport of solutes into the cell. [5]
Colon cells with reduced ability to undergo apoptosis in response to DNA damage would tend to accumulate mutations, and such cells may give rise to colon cancer. [52] Epidemiologic studies have found that fecal bile acid concentrations are increased in populations with a high incidence of colon cancer.
The toxin requires highly specific receptors on the cells' surface in order to attach and enter the cell; species such as cattle, swine, and deer which do not carry these receptors may harbor toxigenic bacteria without any ill effect, shedding them in their feces, from where they may be spread to humans. [15]