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QSK operation is a technical challenge: It requires very fast T/R RF switches at the high power and voltage side of the radio transceiver. Such switches must be controlled automatically by the telegraph key, and as such they must be rapid enough to be perceptually undetectable by the telegraph operator.
The command set was copied largely verbatim, including the meaning of the registers, by almost all early 300 baud modem manufacturers, of which there were quite a few. The expansion to 1200 and 2400 baud required the addition of new commands, some of them prefixed with an ampersand (&) to denote those dedicated to new functionality.
Stream ciphers are vulnerable to attack if the same key is used twice (depth of two) or more. Say we send messages A and B of the same length, both encrypted using same key, K. The stream cipher produces a string of bits C(K) the same length as the messages. The encrypted versions of the messages then are: E(A) = A xor C E(B) = B xor C
FIREFLY key - (NSA) keys used in an NSA system based on public key cryptography. Key derivation function (KDF) - function used to derive a key from a secret value, e.g. to derive KEK from Diffie-Hellman key exchange. [citation needed] key encryption key (KEK) - key used to protect MEK keys (or DEK/TEK if MEK is not used).
The shared secret is either shared beforehand between the communicating parties, in which case it can also be called a pre-shared key, or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie–Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos.
Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable [1] is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom , but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique.
An example of binary FSK. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is encoded on a carrier signal by periodically shifting the frequency of the carrier between several discrete frequencies. [1]