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PAR practitioners make a concerted effort to integrate three basic aspects of their work: participation (life in society and democracy), action (engagement with experience and history), and research (soundness in thought and the growth of knowledge). [2] "Action unites, organically, with research" and collective processes of self-investigation. [3]
Community-based research is more likely to trigger public action and engagement with environmental issues than traditional research. [7] Bottom up community-based research in which community members oversee each phase of the research project is more likely to inspire structural reforms that are responsive to the needs of EJ communities. [6]
Participatory e-planning research has generally focused on incorporating forms of participation with existing governance and urban planning processes. Some participatory e-planning programs involve the use of relatively simple digital tools like online questionnaires, surveys, and polls to consultant citizens. [ 30 ]
Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a subset of Community-Based Research aimed explicitly at including participants and empowering people to create measurable action. [43] PAR practices across various disciplines, with research in Participatory Design being an application of its different qualitative methodologies.
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It is also held to improve the quality of the practitioner-researcher's practice. [7] Practitioner research has two categories: [8] Research in the workplace, such as a service evaluation or needs assessment; Academic research related to the practitioner's role, such as a master's degree or PhD in a relevant subject.
As participation increases, situations arise that allow the participant to assess how well they are contributing through their efforts, thus legitimate peripheral participation provides a means for self-evaluation. [1] LPP is not reserved for descriptions of membership in formal organizations or professions whose practices are highly defined.
Participant observation is one type of data collection method by practitioner-scholars typically used in qualitative research and ethnography.This type of methodology is employed in many disciplines, particularly anthropology (including cultural anthropology and ethnology), sociology (including sociology of culture and cultural criminology), communication studies, human geography, and social ...