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The foundation of the uncertainty reduction theory stems from the information theory, originated by Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver. [2] Shannon and Weaver suggests, when people interact initially, uncertainties exist especially when the probability for alternatives in a situation is high and the probability of them occurring is equally high. [6]
Indeterminacy in literature is a situation in which components of a text require the reader to make their own decisions about the text's meaning. (Baldick 2008) This can occur if the text's ending does not provide full closure and there are still questions to be answered, or when "the language is such that the author’s original intention is not known".
Jumping to conclusions (officially the jumping conclusion bias, often abbreviated as JTC, and also referred to as the inference-observation confusion [1]) is a psychological term referring to a communication obstacle where one "judge[s] or decide[s] something without having all the facts; to reach unwarranted conclusions".
For Berlo, communication is just one way to achieve this in relation to other people that are part of the environment: "we communicate to influence". [13] For this reason, understanding communication involves understanding the source's goal, i.e. what reaction they intend to provoke in the audience.
A traditional Kyrgyz manaschi performing part of the Epic of Manas at a yurt camp in Karakol. Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.
Schramm's model of communication was published by Wilbur Schramm in 1954. It is one of the earliest interaction models of communication. [1] [2] [3] It was conceived as a response to and an improvement over earlier attempts in the form of linear transmission models, like the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model.
Uncertainty is an unavoidable aspect of everyday life. The degree to which it is felt in a given situation varies among individuals. Because uncertainty is dependent upon perspective, "a person who believes himself or herself to be uncertain is uncertain." [2] However, people have different appetites and tolerances for uncertainty. For some ...
Filler words generally contain little to no lexical content, but instead provide clues to the listener about how they should interpret what the speaker has said. [5] The actual words that people use may change (such as the increasing use of like), but the meaning and the reasons for using them do not change. [6]