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Low-ethanol blends are typically from E5 to E25, although internationally the most common use of the term refers to the E10 blend. Blends of E10 or less are used in more than 20 countries around the world, led by the United States, where ethanol represented 10% of the U.S. gasoline fuel supply in 2011. [1]
Australia: "regular" unleaded fuel is 91 RON, "premium" unleaded with 95 RON is widely available, and 98 RON fuel is also very common. Shell used to sell 100 RON fuel (5% ethanol content) from a small number of service stations, most of which are located in major cities (stopped in August 2008).
Regular Unleaded Mid-Grade Unleaded Premium Unleaded Notes Alabama: 87 89 93 Alaska: 87 88.5 90 Arizona: 87 89 91 Arkansas: 87 89 91/93 Northwest Arkansas primarily sells 87/89/91 octane. 93 octane is available at select Kum & Go's in the Northwest and Central regions of the state. California: 87 89 91 Colorado: 85 87 91 Connecticut: 87 89 93
Burning E10 produces about 2.119 kilograms per liter (17.68 lb/U.S. gal) of CO 2 that is emitted from the fossil fuel content. If the CO 2 emissions from ethanol combustion are considered, then about 2.271 kilograms per liter (18.95 lb/U.S. gal) of CO 2 are produced when E10 is combusted. [78]
n.o.s. = not otherwise specified meaning a collective entry to which substances, mixtures, solutions or articles may be assigned if a) they are not mentioned by name in 3.2 Dangerous Goods List AND b) they exhibit chemical, physical and/or dangerous properties corresponding to the Class, classification code, packing group and the name and description of the n.o.s. entry [4]
In Canada, the most commonly found octane grades are 87 (regular), 89 (mid grade) and 91 (premium), using the same "(R+M)/2 Method" used in the US (see below). In China, the most commonly found octane grade is RON 91 (regular), 93 (mid grade) and 97 (premium). Almost all of the fuel has been unleaded since 2000.
In 2007 a team led by Farrel from the University of California, Berkeley evaluated six previous studies and concluded corn ethanol reduces greenhouse gas emissions by only 13 percent. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Another figure is 20 to 30 percent, and an 85 to 85 percent reduction for cellulosic ethanol.
Due to ethanol's greater stability under pressure it is used by Shell in their 100 octane fuel. Similarly IFS add 10% ethanol to their 91 octane fuel, label it premium fuel and sell it more cheaply than regular unleaded. This is converse to the general practice of adding ethanol to a lesser quality fuel to bring its octane rating up to 91.
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