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This one is invariant under horizontal and vertical translation, as well as rotation by 180° (but not under reflection). In mathematics, an invariant is a property of a mathematical object (or a class of mathematical objects) which remains unchanged after operations or transformations of a certain type are applied to the objects.
In theoretical physics, an invariant is an observable of a physical system which remains unchanged under some transformation. Invariance, as a broader term, also applies to the no change of form of physical laws under a transformation, and is closer in scope to the mathematical definition .
This technique was first introduced into isotropic turbulence by Howard P. Robertson in 1940 where he was able to derive Kármán–Howarth equation from the invariant principle. [7] George Batchelor and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar exploited this technique and developed an extended treatment for axisymmetric turbulence. [8] [9] [10]
The set of T-invariant subspaces of V is sometimes called the invariant-subspace lattice of T and written Lat(T). As the name suggests, it is a ( modular ) lattice , with meets and joins given by (respectively) set intersection and linear span .
The modern formulation of geometric invariant theory is due to David Mumford, and emphasizes the construction of a quotient by the group action that should capture invariant information through its coordinate ring. It is a subtle theory, in that success is obtained by excluding some 'bad' orbits and identifying others with 'good' orbits.
In mathematics, an invariant measure is a measure that is preserved by some function. The function may be a geometric transformation . For examples, circular angle is invariant under rotation, hyperbolic angle is invariant under squeeze mapping , and a difference of slopes is invariant under shear mapping .
This invariant mass is the same in all frames of reference (see also special relativity). This equation says that the invariant mass is the pseudo-Euclidean length of the four-vector (E, p), calculated using the relativistic version of the Pythagorean theorem which has a different sign for the space and time dimensions. This length is preserved ...
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a topological property or topological invariant is a property of a topological space that is invariant under homeomorphisms. Alternatively, a topological property is a proper class of topological spaces which is closed under homeomorphisms.