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The rate of flow of the ions between the anode and cathode areas, and therefore the rate at which corrosion can occur, is affected by the resistivity of the concrete. [5] To measure the electrical resistivity of the concrete a current is applied to the two outer probes and the potential difference is measured between the two inner probes.
Duff A. Abrams (1880–1965) was an American researcher in the field of composition and properties of concrete. He developed the basic methods for testing concrete characteristics that remain in use. A professor with the Lewis Institute, he studied the component materials of concrete in the early 20th century.
GPR uses high-frequency (usually polarized) radio waves, usually in the range 10 MHz to 2.6 GHz. A GPR transmitter and antenna emits electromagnetic energy into the ground. When the energy encounters a buried object or a boundary between materials having different permittivities , it may be reflected or refracted or scattered back to the surface.
Naval air traffic controller communicates with aircraft over a two-way radio headset A variety of portable handheld two-way radios for private use. A two-way radio is a radio transceiver (a radio that can both transmit and receive radio waves), which is used for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication with other users with similar radios, [1] in contrast to a broadcast receiver ...
Pendulum floor slip resistance tester. The ASTM E303-22 [1] (United States), BS EN 16165:2021, [2] BS EN 13036-4:2011 [3] (United Kingdom and many other European nations), AS 4663:2013 - Slip resistance of existing pedestrian surfaces, and AS 4586:2013 - Slip resistance classification of new pedestrian surface materials (Australia/New Zealand) slip resistance test standards define the pendulum ...
Cellular floor raceways are electrical wiring ducts or cells made from steel floor deck that serve as structural formwork for placement of concrete floor slabs and also as wire and cable raceways within the concrete floor slab.
Triaxial apparatus with sample attached ready for testing. In materials science, a triaxial shear test is a common method to measure the mechanical properties of many deformable solids, especially soil (e.g., sand, clay) and rock, and other granular materials or powders.
A two-way slab has moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. [24] This may be implemented due to application requirements such as heavy loading, vibration resistance, clearance below the slab, or other factors. However, an important characteristic governing the requirement of a two-way slab is the ratio of the two horizontal lengths.