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  2. Asynchronous I/O - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O

    In computer science, asynchronous I/O (also non-sequential I/O) is a form of input/output processing that permits other processing to continue before the I/O operation has finished. A name used for asynchronous I/O in the Windows API is overlapped I/O .

  3. Memory ordering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_ordering

    When reading from standard program storage, there are no side-effects due to the order of memory read operations. In embedded system programming, it is very common to have memory-mapped I/O where reads and writes to memory trigger I/O operations, or changes to the processor's operational mode, which are highly visible side effects. For the ...

  4. Input/output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output

    In computing, input/output (I/O, i/o, or informally io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, such as another computer system, peripherals, or a human operator.

  5. Memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O_and_port...

    Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in IA-32 and x86-64 based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer.

  6. Input/output automaton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output_automaton

    Input/output automata provide a formal model, applicable in describing most types of an asynchronous concurrent system.On its own, the I/O automaton model contains a very basic structure that enables it to model various types of distributed systems.

  7. Standard streams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams

    Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data transfers by use of the read operation. Not all programs require stream input. For example, the dir and ls programs (which display file names contained in a directory) may take command-line arguments, but perform their operations without any stream ...

  8. Programmed input–output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_input–output

    Programmed input–output (also programmable input/output, programmed input/output, programmed I/O, PIO) is a method of data transmission, via input/output (I/O), between a central processing unit (CPU) and a peripheral device, [1] such as a Parallel ATA storage device. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program ...

  9. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    Python supports a wide variety of string operations. Strings in Python are immutable, so a string operation such as a substitution of characters, that in other programming languages might alter the string in place, returns a new string in Python. Performance considerations sometimes push for using special techniques in programs that modify ...