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Rheumatoid factor (RF) is the autoantibody that was first found in rheumatoid arthritis. It is defined as an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG and different RFs can recognize different parts of the IgG-Fc. [ 1 ]
This is in contrast to rheumatoid arthritis [6] with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) [7] because anti-cardiolipin antibodies are present in both conditions, and therefore may tie the two conditions together. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies can be classified in two ways: As IgM, IgG or IgA; As β 2-glycoprotein dependent or independent
In IgG, IgA and IgD antibody isotypes, the Fc region is composed of two identical protein fragments, derived from the second and third constant domains of the antibody's two heavy chains; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (C H domains 2–4) in each polypeptide chain.
The precipitated cryoglobulins are examined by immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation to detect and quantify the presence of monoclonal IgG, IgM, IgA, κ light chain, or λ light chain immunoglobins. Other routine tests include measuring blood levels of rheumatoid factor activity, complement C4, other complement components, and hepatitic C ...
Rheumatoid factor: IgG: rheumatoid arthritis: Anti-smooth muscle antibody: smooth muscle: chronic autoimmune hepatitis: Anti-mitochondrial antibody: mitochondria: primary biliary cirrhosis [11] Anti-SRP: signal recognition particle: dermatomyositis [12] exosome complex: scleromyositis: Anti-AChR: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: myasthenia ...
An important clinical pearl for heterophile antibodies is they can also be seen in genetic immunodeficiencies. There have been case reports where women have undergone an exploratory laparotomy for suspected ectopic pregnancy after having a falsely elevated beta-hCG test, only to find out later they actually have selective IgA deficiency. Thus ...
Anti-IgM [M15/8] This is a recombinant monoclonal antibody to IgM. The anti-antibody functions in early detection of antigens in serum rather than interstitial fluids. [13] Anti-IgM [B481] This is a recombinant monoclonal antibody to IgM. It is recommended to use anti-IgM [B481] as a secondary antibody against IgM primary antibodies. [14]
Mechanism of class-switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells. Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. [1]