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The horse collar was invented in China during the 5th century, arrived in Europe during the 9th century, [73] [page needed] and became widespread throughout Europe by the 12th century. [97] It allowed horses to pull greater weight than they could when hitched to a vehicle by means of yokes or breastcollars used in earlier times. [98]
Icelandic horses were transported by Norse ships to Iceland by settlers in the 9th century. Records of cavalry transportation abound throughout the period, reflecting the changes in warfare. For example, the Scandinavians had adapted the horse-transport technology by the 12th century as part of their move away from the traditional Viking ...
Horse ownership was widespread by the 12th century. Both tenant farmers and landlords were involved in the harrowing of land for arable crops in the relatively new open field system, and employed horses for this work. Horses and carts were increasingly used for transporting farm goods and implements; peasants were obliged to transport such ...
Plow horses. The lead horse has a breast collar; the rear horse wears a horsecollar. The most important technical innovation for agriculture in the Middle Ages was the widespread adoption around 1000 of the mouldboard plow and its close relative, the heavy plow. These two plows enabled medieval farmers to exploit the fertile but heavy clay ...
Horses from Jutland were exported to England, Germany, and France during the Middle Ages, [5] and were popular mounts for knights, especially for use in jousting. [1] The first mention of the Jutland type is from the 12th century, when they are documented as war horses with many useful attributes. [6]
The Limousin horse (French: cheval limousin, Occitan: caval lemosin) is an extinct French and Occitan horse breed that was bred from the 12th century to the 20th century as a saddle horse, as well as to pull horse carriages, in the Limousin region of France, formerly part of Aquitaine and Occitania.
The native Irish horse, the Irish hobby, represented today by the Connemara pony, [citation needed] was a horse measuring twelve to fourteen hands high. Their name derives from the word 'hobin', a French word thought to be derived from the Gaelic term 'obann', meaning 'swift.' Though small, the hobby was not necessarily a horse of poor quality.
This 12th century depiction of a knight on horseback might show a courser. A courser is a swift and strong horse, frequently used during the Middle Ages as a warhorse . It was ridden by knights and men-at-arms .