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The Monarch Butterfly has a very low 0.168 kg/m 2 wing loading The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 has a high 837 kg/m 2 maximum wing loading. In aerodynamics, wing loading is the total weight of an aircraft or flying animal divided by the area of its wing.
Wind tunnels were key in the development and validation of the laws of aerodynamics. In 1799, Sir George Cayley became the first person to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight ( weight , lift , drag , and thrust ), as well as the relationships between them, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] and in doing so outlined the path toward achieving heavier-than ...
In aeronautics, the load factor is the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight [1] [2]: § 5.22 and represents a global measure of the stress ("load") to which the structure of the aircraft is subjected: =, where is the load factor, is the lift is the weight.
The wind frame is a convenient frame to express the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on an aircraft. In particular, the net aerodynamic force can be divided into components along the wind frame axes, with the drag force in the −x w direction and the lift force in the −z w direction. Mnemonics to remember angle names
For steady, level flight, the integrated force due to the pressure differences is equal to the total aerodynamic lift of the airplane and to the airplane's weight. According to Newton's third law, this pressure force exerted on the ground by the air is matched by an equal-and-opposite upward force exerted on the air by the ground, which offsets ...
The aerodynamic force on a powered airplane is commonly represented by three vectors: thrust, lift and drag. [3]: 151 [1]: § 14.2 The other force acting on an aircraft during flight is its weight, which is a body force and not an aerodynamic force.
In steady level longitudinal flight, thrust counterbalances drag and lift supports the aircraft's weight. Lift and drag are components of the aerodynamic force. Steady flight , unaccelerated flight , or equilibrium flight is a special case in flight dynamics where the aircraft's linear and angular velocity are constant in a body-fixed reference ...
Thrust-to-weight ratio is, as its name suggests, the ratio of instantaneous thrust to weight (where weight means weight at the Earth's standard acceleration ). [33] It is a dimensionless parameter characteristic of rockets and other jet engines and of vehicles propelled by such engines (typically space launch vehicles and jet aircraft ).