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In photochlorination plants, the quantum yield is about 100. In contrast to the thermal chlorination, which can utilize the formed reaction energy, the energy required to maintain the photochemical reaction must be constantly delivered. [21] The presence of inhibitors, such as oxygen or nitrogen oxides, must be avoided. Too high chlorine ...
Related processes are known that use molten NaCl to give chlorine and sodium metal or condensed hydrogen chloride to give hydrogen and chlorine. The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and ...
In oxychlorination, hydrogen chloride instead of the more expensive chlorine is used for the same purpose: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 HCl + 1 ⁄ 2 O 2 → ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + H 2 O. Secondary and tertiary alcohols react with hydrogen chloride to give the corresponding chlorides. In the laboratory, the related reaction involving zinc chloride in concentrated ...
The relative rates at which different halogens react vary considerably: [citation needed] fluorine (108) > chlorine (1) > bromine (7 × 10 −11) > iodine (2 × 10 −22).. Radical fluorination with the pure element is difficult to control and highly exothermic; care must be taken to prevent an explosion or a runaway reaction.
The direct reaction of hydrogen with fluorine and chlorine gives hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride, respectively. Industrially these gases are, however, produced by treatment of halide salts with sulfuric acid. Hydrogen bromide arises when hydrogen and bromine are combined at high temperatures in the presence of a platinum catalyst.
Energy consumption per unit weight of product is not far below that for iron and steel manufacture [13] and greater than for the production of glass [14] or cement. [15] Since electricity is an indispensable raw material for the production of chlorine, the energy consumption corresponding to the electrochemical reaction cannot be reduced ...
Hydrogen chloride is produced by combining chlorine and hydrogen: Cl 2 + H 2 → 2 HCl. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven or HCl burner. The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in deionized water, resulting in chemically pure hydrochloric acid. This reaction can give a very pure product, e.g. for use ...
That is, energy is added to sodium chloride (table salt) in water, producing sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen gas. Because the reaction takes place in an unpartitioned cell and NaOH is present in the same solution as the Cl 2: 2 NaCl + 2 H 2 O → 2 NaOH + H 2 + Cl 2. any Cl 2 disproportionates to hypochlorite and chloride Cl 2 + 2 NaOH → ...