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Later, with the French invasion of Italy in 1796, the Legations (the Papal States' northern territories [45]) were seized and became part of the Cisalpine Republic. [45] Two years later, French forces invaded the remaining area of the Papal States, and in February 1798 General Louis-Alexandre Berthier declared a Roman Republic. [45]
The government would supply a permanent annual fund for the pope and the cardinals, equal to the amount currently assigned to them by the budget of the pontifical state, and would assume all Papal civil servants and soldiers onto the state payroll, with full pensions as long as they were Italian.
One of the emblems of the Roman Republic. On 15 November 1848, Pellegrino Rossi, the Minister of Justice of the Papal government, was assassinated.The following day, the liberals of Rome filled the streets, where various groups demanded a democratic government, social reforms and a declaration of war against the Austrian Empire to liberate long-held territories that were culturally and ...
A history of the popes, 1830–1914 (Oxford UP, 1998), scholarly online; Collins, Roger (2009). Keepers of the Keys: A History of the Papacy. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01195-7. Coppa, Frank J. The Papacy in the Modern World: A Political History (2014) online review; Coppa, Frank J. ed. The great popes through history: an encyclopedia (2 vol ...
While the Pope was sovereign of that region, the Curia had both religious and civil functions. The latter were lost when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, expanding to include the greater part of Italy, seized most of the Papal States in 1860 and the city of Rome itself and its surrounding area in 1870, thus ending the Papacy's temporal power ...
Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), under whose rule the Papal States passed into secular control. Vatican during the Savoyard era describes the relation of the Vatican to Italy, after 1870, which marked the end of the Papal States, and 1929, when the papacy regained autonomy in the Lateran Treaty, a period dominated by the Roman Question.
In 1859–60, the Papal States were invaded by various republican forces seeking a unified Italian state, and lost the provinces of Romagna, Marche and Umbria. These regions were incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia (which thereafter became the Kingdom of Italy ), and the papacy's temporal power was reduced to Rome and the region of Lazio.
The Italian government also agreed to give the Roman Catholic Church financial compensation for the loss of the Papal States. [152] In 1948, the Lateran Treaty was recognized in the Constitution of Italy as regulating the relations between the state and the Catholic Church. [ 153 ]