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Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
Treatment of the condition is specific to the cause of hemolysis, but intense phototherapy and exchange transfusion can be used to help the patient excrete accumulated bilirubin. [11] Complications related to hemolytic jaundice include hyperbilirubinemia and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, which may be deadly without proper treatment. [12] [13]
Patients with hyperbilirubinemia generally have poor outcome, particularly those with liver-dysfunction led jaundice. Drug-induced liver injury, as Hy's law states, patients with bilirubin of >3 mg/dL have 10% mortality rate. [36] End stage liver disease models also include hyperbilirubinemia as a critical parameter in prognosis of cirrhosis.
Some uses for this procedure includes: drainage of bile/infected bile to relieve obstructive jaundice, to place a stent to dilate a stricture in the biliary system, stone removal, and rendezvous technique [4] where guidewire from the common bile duct (CBD) meets with duodenoscope (coming from the oesophagus into the stomach and then duodenum) at the major duodenal papilla.
Liver cell adenomatosis is also associated with becoming hepatocellular carcinoma. [11] Like hepatic adenomas, they are diagnosed with imaging and biopsies as needed. Treatment of liver cell adenomatosis is difficult due to the multiple, widespread lesions. Liver imaging should be reviewed to see if it is possible to surgically remove the ...
A new treatment for liver cancer which isolates the organ and “bathes” it in chemotherapy has been found to be effective in almost 90% of patients.
Cholangiocarcinoma can affect any area of the bile ducts, either within or outside the liver. Tumors occurring in the bile ducts within the liver are referred to as intrahepatic, those occurring in the ducts outside the liver are extrahepatic, and tumors occurring at the site where the bile ducts exit the liver may be referred to as perihilar.
Gilbert syndrome is a phenotypic effect, mostly associated with increased blood bilirubin levels, but also sometimes characterized by mild jaundice due to increased unconjugated bilirubin, that arises from several different genotypic variants of the gene for the enzyme responsible for changing bilirubin to the conjugated form.