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The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many photosynthetic bacteria. In plants, these reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and
In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b 6 f uses electrons and energy from PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions. The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis ...
Photosynthesis plays a critical role in producing and maintaining the oxygen content of ... (NADPH) and ATP. ... The carbon reduction cycle is known as the ...
NADP + + 2H + + 2e-→ NADPH + H + This consumes the H + ions produced by the splitting of water, leading to a net production of 1/2O 2, ATP, and NADPH + H + with the consumption of solar photons and water. The concentration of NADPH in the chloroplast may help regulate which pathway electrons take through the light reactions.
In C 3 photosynthesis ATP/GA depends mainly on CO 2 and O 2 concentration at the carboxylating sites of RuBisCO. When CO 2 concentration is high and O 2 concentration is low photorespiration is suppressed and C 3 assimilation is fast and efficient, with ATP/GA approaching the theoretical minimum of 3.
Electrons and protons are added to NADP + to form NADPH. This reducing (hydrogenation) agent is transported to the Calvin cycle to react with glycerate 3-phosphate, along with ATP to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the basic building block from which plants can make a variety of substances.
An alternative perspective accounts for NADPH (source of e −) and ATP: 3 CO 2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H + + 9 ATP + 5 H 2 O → TP + 6 NADP + + 9 ADP + 8 P i. The formula for inorganic phosphate (P i) is HOPO 3 2− + 2 H +. Formulas for triose and TP are C 2 H 3 O 2-CH 2 OH and C 2 H 3 O 2-CH 2 OPO 3 2− + 2 H +. Reverse Krebs Cycle
In contrast, the main function of NADPH is as a reducing agent in anabolism, with this coenzyme being involved in pathways such as fatty acid synthesis and photosynthesis. Since NADPH is needed to drive redox reactions as a strong reducing agent, the NADP + /NADPH ratio is kept very low.
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