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  2. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

    Despite the Vigenère cipher's apparent strength, it never became widely used throughout Europe. The Gronsfeld cipher is a variant attributed by Gaspar Schott to Count Gronsfeld (Josse Maximilaan van Gronsveld né van Bronckhorst) but was actually used much earlier by an ambassador of Duke of Mantua in 1560s-1570s. It is identical to the ...

  3. Giovan Battista Bellaso - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Bellaso

    It is very similar to the Vigenère cipher, making many scholars call Bellaso its inventor, although unlike the modern Vigenère cipher Bellaso didn't use 26 different "shifts" (different Caesar's ciphers) for every letter, instead opting for 13 shifts for pairs of letters. The system is still periodic although the use of one or more long ...

  4. Blaise de Vigenère - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigenère

    On Vigenère's trips to Italy he read books about cryptography and came in contact with cryptologists. Giovan Battista Bellaso described a method of encryption in his 1553 book La cifra del. Sig. Giovan Battista Belaso, published in Venice in 1553, [16] which in the 19th century was misattributed to Vigenère and became widely known as the "Vigenère cipher". [17]

  5. Timeline of cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography

    1854 – Charles Wheatstone invents the Playfair cipher; c. 1854 – Babbage's method for breaking polyalphabetic ciphers (pub 1863 by Kasiski) 1855 – For the English side in Crimean War, Charles Babbage broke Vigenère's autokey cipher (the 'unbreakable cipher' of the time) as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher ...

  6. Kasiski examination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination

    In polyalphabetic substitution ciphers where the substitution alphabets are chosen by the use of a keyword, the Kasiski examination allows a cryptanalyst to deduce the length of the keyword. Once the length of the keyword is discovered, the cryptanalyst lines up the ciphertext in n columns, where n is the length of the keyword.

  7. Polyalphabetic cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher

    However, it has been claimed that polyalphabetic ciphers may have been developed by the Arab cryptologist Al Kindi (801–873) centuries earlier. [2] The Alberti cipher by Leon Battista Alberti around 1467 was an early polyalphabetic cipher. Alberti used a mixed alphabet to encrypt a message, but whenever he wanted to, he would switch to a ...

  8. Friedrich Kasiski - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kasiski

    In 1863, Kasiski published a 95-page book on cryptography, Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrir-Kunst (German, "Secret writing and the Art of Deciphering"). This was the first published account of a procedure for attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, especially the Vigenère cipher (although it is possible Charles Babbage was already aware of a similar method but had not published it).

  9. Kryptos - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptos

    The ciphers' increasing "complexity" through the entrance into the courtyard is intended to be as if it "were a fossil". [3] Other elements of Sanborn's installation include a landscaped garden area, a fish pond with opposing wooden benches, a reflecting pool , and other pieces of stone, including a triangle-shaped black stone slab.