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Frank Dance's helical model of communication was initially published in his 1967 book Human Communication Theory. [161] [162] [163] It is intended as a response to and an improvement over linear and circular models by stressing the dynamic nature of communication and how it changes the participants. Dance sees the fault of linear models as ...
Human communication was initiated with the origin of speech approximately 100,000 BCE. [1] Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago. The imperfection of speech allowed easier dissemination of ideas and eventually resulted in the creation of new forms of communication, improving both the range at which people could communicate and the longevity of the information.
The Parallel Ice Sheet Model is an open-sourced 3D ice sheet model capable of high resolution. [26] PISM is written in C++ and Python, and takes NetCDF files as input for the model. [ 27 ] PISM uses a "SIA+SSA hybrid" model, using both the shallow shelf approximation and shallow ice approximation models as stress balance models and does not ...
The Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square miles, including most of Canada and a large portion of the Northern United States, multiple times during the Quaternary glaciation epochs, from 2.58 million years ago to the present. [2]
The Quaternary glaciation is the current glaciation period and began 2.58 million years ago. In 2020 scientists published a continuous, high-fidelity record of variations in Earth's climate during the past 66 million years and identified four climate states , separated by transitions that include changing greenhouse gas levels and polar ice ...
A less severe cold period or ice age is shown during the Jurassic-Cretaceous (150 Ma). There have been five or six major ice ages in the history of Earth over the past 3 billion years. The Late Cenozoic Ice Age began 34 million years ago, its latest phase being the Quaternary glaciation, in progress since 2.58 million years ago.
Andean-Saharan glaciation: 360–260: Karoo Ice Age: 305: Cooler climate causes Carboniferous rainforest collapse: 251.9: Permian–Triassic extinction event: 199.6: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, causes as yet unclear 66: Perhaps 30,000 years of volcanic activity form the Deccan Traps in India, or a large meteor impact. 66
The Pleistocene (/ ˈ p l aɪ s t ə ˌ s iː n,-s t oʊ-/ PLY-stə-seen, -stoh-; [4] [5] referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from c. 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.