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Phytoprogestogens, also known as phytoprogestins, are phytochemicals (that is, naturally occurring, plant-derived chemicals) with progestogenic effects. [1] [2]Relative to their phytoestrogen counterparts, phytoprogestogens are rare. [1]
It has been hypothesized that plants use a phytoestrogen as part of their natural defense against the overpopulation of herbivore animals by controlling female fertility. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The similarities, at molecular level, of an estrogen and a phytoestrogen allow them to mildly mimic and sometimes act as an antagonist of estrogen. [ 2 ]
Progesterone raises epidermal growth factor-1 (EGF-1) levels, a factor often used to induce proliferation, and used to sustain cultures, of stem cells. [95] Progesterone increases core temperature (thermogenic function) during ovulation. [96] [97] Progesterone reduces spasm and relaxes smooth muscle. Bronchi are widened and mucus regulated.
The progestogens are named for their function in maintaining pregnancy (i.e., progestational), although they are also present at other phases of the estrous and menstrual cycles. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The progestogens are one of three types of sex hormones , the others being estrogens like estradiol and androgens / anabolic steroids like testosterone .
Emmenagogues (also spelled emmenagogs) are herbs which stimulate blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus; some stimulate menstruation.Women may use emmenagogues to stimulate menstrual flow when menstruation is absent for reasons other than pregnancy, such as hormonal disorders or conditions like oligomenorrhea (infrequent menses).
Also in 1940, American chemist Percy Lavon Julian discovered a process to convert a much more abundant phytosteroid -- stigmasterol from soybean-- into progesterone. [3] His process was improved by Padmanabhan Sundararaman and Carl Djerassi in 1977, just as stocks of wild Mexican yam became depleted. [ 4 ]