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In biology, an effector is a general term that can refer to several types of molecules or cells depending on the context: Small molecule effectors A small molecule that selectively binds to a protein to regulate its biological activity can be called an effector.
In cell biology, an effector cell is any of various types of cell that actively responds to a stimulus and effects some change (brings it about). Examples of effector cells include: The muscle, gland or organ cell capable of responding to a stimulus at the terminal end of an efferent nerve fiber; Plasma cell, an effector B cell in the immune system
They are made by fusing a TAL effector DNA-binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain (a nuclease which cuts DNA strands). Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) can be engineered to bind to practically any desired DNA sequence, so when combined with a nuclease, DNA can be cut at specific locations. [ 1 ]
Some bacteria inject only a few effectors into their host’s cells while others may inject dozens or even hundreds. Effector proteins may have many different activities, but usually help the pathogen to invade host tissue, suppress its immune system, or otherwise help the pathogen to survive. [2] Effector proteins are usually critical for ...
TAL effector nucleases have also been used to engineer human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) [34] and to knock out the endogenous ben-1 gene in C. elegans. [ 35 ] TALE-induced non-homologous end joining modification has been used to produce novel disease resistance in rice.
GPCRs function as part of a three-component system of receptor-transducer-effector. [1] [2] The transducer in this system is a heterotrimeric G protein, composed of three subunits: a Gα protein such as G αq, and a complex of two tightly linked proteins called Gβ and Gγ in a Gβγ complex.
Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector. [citation needed] In biology, signals are mostly chemical in nature, but can also be physical cues such as pressure, voltage, temperature, or light.
AvrPto is an ancient effector that is conserved in many P. syringae strains, whereas Pto R gene is only found in a few wild tomato species. [18] This suggests recent evolution of the Pto R gene and the pressure to evolve to target AvrPto, turning a virulence effector to an avirulence effector.