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Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e.g. how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields.
This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem-solving, contrasted with an approach using insight and theory. However, there are intermediate methods that, for example, use theory to guide the method, an approach known as guided empiricism .
Systematic inventive thinking (SIT) is a thinking method developed in Israel in the mid-1990s.Derived from Genrich Altshuller's TRIZ engineering discipline, SIT is a practical approach to creativity, innovation and problem solving, which has become a well known methodology for innovation.
According to this theory, when somebody makes a judgment (of a target attribute) which is computationally complex, a rather more easily calculated heuristic attribute is substituted. [100] In effect, a difficult problem is dealt with by answering a rather simpler problem, without the person being aware this is happening. [97]
Integrative thinking is a discipline and methodology for solving complex or wicked problems.The theory was originally created by Roger Martin, Dean of the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, and collaboratively developed with his colleague Mihnea C. Moldoveanu, [4] Director of the Desautels Centre for Integrative Thinking.
Traditionally, it is argued that problem solving is a step towards decision making, so that the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision-making. [9] [page needed] Characteristics of problem solving. Problems are merely deviations from performance standards. Problems must be precisely identified and described
The psychology of reasoning (also known as the cognitive science of reasoning [1]) is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions. [2]
Social problem-solving, in its most basic form, is defined as problem solving as it occurs in the natural environment. [1] More specifically it refers to the cognitive-behavioral process in which one works to find adaptive ways of coping with everyday situations that are considered problematic.