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The numbers are based upon the sortable list below, which includes further details and references. Note that the holders of certain official positions have been referred to as "czars" for only part of the time those positions have existed. For example, there has been an Assistant Secretary of Labor for Mine Safety and Health since the passage of the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, but the ...
Tsarist autocracy (Russian: царское самодержавие, romanized: tsarskoye samoderzhaviye), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy localised with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.
In the United States, czars are generally executive branch officials appointed by the head of the executive branch (such as the president for the federal government, or the governor of a state). Czars may require confirmation with Senate approval while others do not. Some appointees outside the executive branch are called czars as well.
Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia. [9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics. [10]
Term Description Examples Autocracy: Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).
In semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of government role (i.e. executive) is fulfilled by the listed head of government and the head of state. In one-party states , the ruling party 's leader (e.g. General Secretary ) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds the presidency or ...
For example, the 2003 Constitution referendum gives the Prince of Liechtenstein the power to veto any law that the Landtag (parliament) proposes and vice versa. The Prince can hire or dismiss any elective member or government employee from their post. However, unlike an absolute monarch, the people can call for a referendum to end the Prince's ...
He intended to make the government meritocratic, but the system soon became corrupted. Catherine II (later known as Catherine the Great) bought the support of the bureaucracy for her seizure of power (1762). [citation needed] From 19 April 1764, any bureaucrat who had held the same rank for seven years or more got instantly promoted. On 13 ...