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Stephen Edelston Toulmin (/ ˈ t uː l m ɪ n /; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator.Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning.
Toulmin believed that reasoning is less an activity of inference, involving the discovering of new ideas, and more a process of testing and sifting already existing ideas—an act achievable through the process of justification. Toulmin believed that for a good argument to succeed, it needs to provide good justification for a claim.
A Toulmin argument diagram, redrawn from his 1959 Uses of Argument A generalised Toulmin diagram. Stephen Toulmin, in his groundbreaking and influential 1958 book The Uses of Argument, [20] identified several elements to an argument which have been generalized. The Toulmin diagram is widely used in educational critical teaching.
For example, they concluded that Rogerian argument is less likely to be appropriate or effective when communicating with violent or discriminatory people or institutions, in situations of social exclusion or extreme power inequality, or in judicial settings that use formal adversarial procedures.
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the first has somehow, in some way, been my best year yet. So, as I often say to participants in the workshop, “If a school teacher from Nebraska can do it, so can you!”
[1]: 51–140 There have been pre-formal and partially-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as Stephen Toulmin (The Uses of Argument, 1958), [2] [3] [1]: 203–256 Nicholas Rescher (Dialectics: A Controversy-Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge, 1977), [4] [5] [1]: 330–336 and Frans H. van Eemeren and Rob ...
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