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External rotation of the shoulder with the arm at a 90-degree angle is an additional exercise done to increase control and range of motion of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor muscles. Various active exercises are done for an additional 3–6 weeks as progress is based on an individual case-by-case basis. [9]
The trapezius also assists in abduction of the shoulder above 90 degrees by rotating the glenoid upward. Injury to cranial nerve XI will cause weakness in abducting the shoulder above 90 degrees. Spinal movements
Abduction and adduction of the shoulder (frontal plane). Abduction is carried out by the deltoid and the supraspinatus in the first 90 degrees. From 90-180 degrees it is the trapezius and the serratus anterior. Adduction is carried out by the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major and the subscapularis. Horizontal abduction and ...
Medial rotation of the arm is most easily observed when the elbow is held at a 90-degree angle and the fingers are extended so they are parallel to the ground. Medial rotation occurs when the arm is rotated at the shoulder so that the fingers change from pointing straight forward to pointing across the body.
The Cunningham technique was originally published in 2003 and is an anatomically based method of shoulder reduction that utilizes positioning (analgesic position), voluntary scapular retraction, and bicipital massage. [7] If performed correctly most patients do not require analgesia for the performance of this technique.
The most important ligament involved in shoulder joint stability is the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament. During abduction of the arm, the middle and inferior ligaments become taut while the superior ligament relaxes. The radius of curvature of the head of the humerus is greater superiorly than inferiorly, which further stretches these ligaments ...
(in abduction: 40°–50°; in adduction: 70°) Subscapularis: Subscapular fossa: Lesser tubercle of humerus Latissimus dorsi Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula Floor of bicipital groove of humerus Teres major Lower third of lateral border of scapula Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Abduction is an anatomical term of motion referring to a movement which draws a limb out to the side, away from the median sagittal plane of the body. It is thus opposed to adduction . Upper limb