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  2. Mass–energy equivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenergy_equivalence

    Mass near the M87* black hole is converted into a very energetic astrophysical jet, stretching five thousand light years. In physics, massenergy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement.

  3. Newton's laws of motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion

    Without friction to dissipate a body's energy into heat, the body's energy will trade between potential and (non-thermal) kinetic forms while the total amount remains constant. Any gain of kinetic energy, which occurs when the net force on the body accelerates it to a higher speed, must be accompanied by a loss of potential energy.

  4. General relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity

    The main reason is that the gravitational field—like any physical field—must be ascribed a certain energy, but that it proves to be fundamentally impossible to localize that energy. [ 177 ] Nevertheless, there are possibilities to define a system's total mass, either using a hypothetical "infinitely distant observer" ( ADM mass ) [ 178 ] or ...

  5. Orders of magnitude (energy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)

    Total massenergy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy [342] [343] 1.4×10 59 J Mass-energy of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), ~0.8 trillion solar masses. [344] [345] 10 62 1–2×10 62 J: Total massenergy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way [346] 10 70: ...

  6. Gravitational acceleration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration

    The gravitational acceleration vector depends only on how massive the field source is and on the distance 'r' to the sample mass . It does not depend on the magnitude of the small sample mass. This model represents the "far-field" gravitational acceleration associated with a massive body.

  7. Spacecraft flight dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_flight_dynamics

    The gravitational force that a celestial body exerts on a space vehicle is modeled with the body and vehicle taken as point masses; the bodies (Earth, Moon, etc.) are simplified as spheres; and the mass of the vehicle is much smaller than the mass of the body so that its effect on the gravitational acceleration can be neglected.

  8. Outline of energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_energy

    Gravitational energypotential energy associated with a gravitational field. Nuclear potential energy; Radiant energy – (≥0), energy of electromagnetic radiation including light and of gravitational radiation; Renewable energyenergy from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale

  9. Lagrange point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point

    The L 4 and L 5 points are stable provided that the mass of the primary body (e.g. the Earth) is at least 25 [note 1] times the mass of the secondary body (e.g. the Moon), [21] [22] The Earth is over 81 times the mass of the Moon (the Moon is 1.23% of the mass of the Earth [23]).