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An ultrasound showing an embryo measured to have a crown-rump length of 1.67 cm and estimated to have a gestational age of 8 weeks and 1 day. Crown-rump length (CRL) is the measurement of the length of human embryos and fetuses from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump).
Third-trimester screening of nulliparous women by universal ultrasound fetal biometry increases the detection rate of large for gestational age (LGA) infants and, combined with ultrasound measurements of fetal growth velocity, identifies those at increased risk of adverse neonatal outcome. [13]
An abnormally slow growth rate results in the infant being small for gestational age, while an abnormally large growth rate results in the infant being large for gestational age. A slow growth rate and preterm birth are the two factors that can cause a low birth weight. Low birth weight (below 2000 grams) can slightly increase the likelihood of ...
More recently, thresholds for "fetal death" continue to vary widely internationally, sometimes incorporating weight as well as gestational age. The gestational age for statistical recording of fetal deaths ranges from 16 weeks in Norway, to 20 weeks in the US and Australia, 24 weeks in the UK, and 26 weeks in Italy and Spain. [23] [24] [25]
Fetal abnormalities are conditions that affect a fetus or embryo, are able to be diagnosed prenatally, and may be fatal or cause disease after birth. They may include aneuploidies , structural abnormalities, or neoplasms.
How each of these factors leads to excess fetal growth is complex and not completely understood. [ 4 ] [ 30 ] Traditionally, the Pedersen hypothesis has been used to explain the mechanism in which uncontrolled gestational diabetes can lead to macrosomia, and many aspects of it have been confirmed with further studies. [ 20 ]
Timing is everything: A reconsideration of fetal growth velocity patterns identifies the importance of individual and sex differences. American Journal of Human Biology, 15(5), 667–680. Lampl, M., Kuzawa, C. W., & Jeanty, P. (2003). Prenatal smoke exposure alters growth in limb proportions and head shape in the midgestation human fetus.
In biological terms, the development of the human body entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell (ovum). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form the single cell zygote and the germinal stage of development commences.
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