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  2. Gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient

    The gradient of F is then normal to the hypersurface. Similarly, an affine algebraic hypersurface may be defined by an equation F(x 1, ..., x n) = 0, where F is a polynomial. The gradient of F is zero at a singular point of the hypersurface (this is the definition of a singular point). At a non-singular point, it is a nonzero normal vector.

  3. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    l = slope length α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number ...

  4. Slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope

    Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.

  5. Vector calculus identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus_identities

    In Cartesian coordinates, the divergence of a continuously differentiable vector field = + + is the scalar-valued function: ⁡ = = (, , ) (, , ) = + +.. As the name implies, the divergence is a (local) measure of the degree to which vectors in the field diverge.

  6. Laplace's equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace's_equation

    In mathematics and physics, Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, who first studied its properties.This is often written as = or =, where = = is the Laplace operator, [note 1] is the divergence operator (also symbolized "div"), is the gradient operator (also symbolized "grad"), and (,,) is a twice-differentiable real-valued function.

  7. Gradient descent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent

    Gradient descent can be used to solve a system of linear equations = reformulated as a quadratic minimization problem. If the system matrix is real symmetric and positive-definite, an objective function is defined as the quadratic function, with minimization of

  8. Potential gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_gradient

    The simplest definition for a potential gradient F in one dimension is the following: [1] = = where ϕ(x) is some type of scalar potential and x is displacement (not distance) in the x direction, the subscripts label two different positions x 1, x 2, and potentials at those points, ϕ 1 = ϕ(x 1), ϕ 2 = ϕ(x 2).

  9. Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_in_cylindrical_and...

    This article uses the standard notation ISO 80000-2, which supersedes ISO 31-11, for spherical coordinates (other sources may reverse the definitions of θ and φ): . The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question.