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  2. Vertical and horizontal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal

    The word horizontal is derived from the Latin horizon, which derives from the Greek ὁρῐ́ζων, meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. [2] The word vertical is derived from the late Latin verticalis, which is from the same root as vertex, meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool.

  3. Horizontal transmission - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_transmission

    An example of a horizontally transmitted symbiont with a high specificity recognition and acquisition method is the Rhizobia-Legume symbiosis. The establishment of the symbiosis begins with the aposymbiotic plant releasing flavinoids that are detected by a specific Rhizobium species and triggers the induction of nod genes in the bacterium. [ 6 ]

  4. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    An example of horizontal integration in the food industry was the Heinz and Kraft Foods merger. On 25 March 2015, Heinz and Kraft merged into one company, with the deal valued at $46 billion. On 25 March 2015, Heinz and Kraft merged into one company, with the deal valued at $46 billion.

  5. Horizontal gene transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer

    For example, horizontally transferred genetic elements play important roles in the virulence of E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus and Clostridium perfringens. [5] In prokaryotes, restriction-modification systems are known to provide immunity against horizontal gene transfer and in stabilizing mobile genetic elements.

  6. Principle of original horizontality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_original...

    The principle of original horizontality states that layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity. [1] It is a relative dating technique. The principle is important to the analysis of folded and tilted strata. It was first proposed by the Danish geological pioneer Nicholas Steno (1638–1686).

  7. Page orientation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_orientation

    A smartphone positioned upright (portrait orientation) and horizontally (landscape orientation) Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are portrait and landscape . [ 1 ]

  8. Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical...

    Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically. Chinese characters, Korean hangul, and Japanese kana may be oriented along either axis, as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units, each occupying a square block of space, thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written, be it horizontally from left-to-right, horizontally from ...

  9. Bar chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_chart

    Example of a grouped (clustered) bar chart, one with horizontal bars. A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.