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In (automotive) vehicle dynamics, slip is the relative motion between a tire and the road surface it is moving on. This slip can be generated either by the tire's rotational speed being greater or less than the free-rolling speed (usually described as percent slip), or by the tire's plane of rotation being at an angle to its direction of motion (referred to as slip angle).
Slip ratio is a means of calculating and expressing the slipping behavior of the wheel of an automobile.It is of fundamental importance in the field of vehicle dynamics, as it allows to understand the relationship between the deformation of the tire and the longitudinal forces (i.e. the forces responsible for forward acceleration and braking) acting upon it.
Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force. [ 1 ] The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.
In this case, the equation governing the beam's deflection can be approximated as: = () where the second derivative of its deflected shape with respect to (being the horizontal position along the length of the beam) is interpreted as its curvature, is the Young's modulus, is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, and is the internal ...
The bending stiffness is the resistance of a member against bending deflection/deformation. It is a function of the Young's modulus E {\displaystyle E} , the second moment of area I {\displaystyle I} of the beam cross-section about the axis of interest, length of the beam and beam boundary condition.
In practice, the maximum horizontal force Fy that can be generated is proportional, roughly, to the vertical load Fz raised to the power of somewhere between 0.7 and 0.9, typically. Production car tires typically develop this maximum lateral force, or cornering force , at a slip angle of 6-10 degrees, although this angle increases as the ...
Plot showing lateral force building up as a bicycle tire rolls forward at a 2.4º slip angle. The results from three separate test runs are superimposed. Relaxation length is a property of pneumatic tires that describes the delay between when a slip angle is introduced and when the cornering force reaches its steady-state value. [1]
The first step when using the direct stiffness method is to identify the individual elements which make up the structure. Once the elements are identified, the structure is disconnected at the nodes, the points which connect the different elements together. Each element is then analyzed individually to develop member stiffness equations.