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Location of M 5 receptors is not well known. Like the M 1 and M 3 muscarinic receptor, M 5 receptors are coupled with G proteins of class G q that upregulate phospholipase C and, therefore, inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium as a signaling pathway. [citation needed]
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 2, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM2 gene. [5] Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [5] It is G i-coupled, reducing intracellular levels of cAMP.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 1, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, is a muscarinic receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM1 gene. [5] It is localized to 11q13. [5] This receptor is found mediating slow EPSP at the ganglion in the postganglionic nerve, [6] is common in exocrine glands and in the CNS. [7] [8]
The muscarinic M 3 receptor regulates insulin secretion from the pancreas [7] and are an important target for understanding the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus.. Some antipsychotic drugs that are prescribed to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (such as olanzapine and clozapine) have a high risk of diabetes side-effects.
Muscarinic receptors mediate many of the effects of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. The clinical implications of this receptor have not been fully explored; however, stimulation of this receptor is known to effectively decrease cyclic AMP levels and downregulate the activity of protein kinase A (PKA).
12672 Ensembl ENSG00000180720 ENSMUSG00000040495 UniProt P08173 P32211 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000741 NM_001366692 NM_007699 RefSeq (protein) NP_000732 NP_001353621 NP_031725 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 46.38 – 46.39 Mb Chr 2: 91.76 – 91.76 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 4, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (CHRM4 ...
The main location of muscle-type receptors is on muscle cells, as described in more detail below. Neuronal-type receptors are located in autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic), and in the central nervous system. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have a more complex mechanism, and affect target cells over a longer time frame ...
A wide variety of G protein-coupled receptors activate GIRKs, including the M 2-muscarinic, A 1-adenosine, α 2-adrenergic, D 2-dopamine, μ-δ-, and κ-opioid, 5-HT 1A serotonin, somatostatin, galanin, m-Glu, GABA B, TAAR1, CB 1 and CB 2, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors.