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Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using a snorkel). AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.
The Type 214 is a class of diesel–electric submarines developed exclusively for export by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH (HDW). [1] It features diesel propulsion with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells.
The Gotland-class submarines of the Swedish Navy are modern diesel-electric submarines, which were designed and built by the Kockums shipyard in Sweden. They are the first submarines in the world to feature a Stirling engine air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, which extends their underwater endurance from a few days to weeks. [2]
A Fateh-class submarine prototype with an air-independent propulsion (AIP) plug was on show by Iran's Defense Ministry in March 2024 during the DIMDEX 2024 exhibition, which was held in Doha from March 4–6, 2024. The French-based Naval Group and DRDO (India) decided to update the Scorpene-class Indian Navy submarine INS Kalvari in January 2023.
The submarines can operate at high speed on diesel power or switch to the AIP system for silent slow cruising, staying submerged for up to three weeks with little exhaust heat. The system is also said to be vibration-free and virtually undetectable. The Type 212 is the first fuel cell propulsion system equipped submarine series. [8] [9]
Air-independent propulsion – Propulsion system for submarines which operates without access to atmospheric oxygen; Astern propulsion – Use of a ship's propelling mechanism to develop thrust in a retrograde direction; Combined nuclear and steam propulsion – Class of Russian battlecruisers
A fuel-cell powered air independent propulsion (AIP) module for charging lithium-ion batteries (LiB) which allows it to remain submerged for about 50% longer than the Archer-class submarines; several estimates put the Type 218SG's underwater endurance at about 28–42 days (4–6 weeks), without snorkelling. [17]
[5] [18] [19] According to the Chinese newspaper Science and Technology Daily (科技日报), this 039A class is equipped with an air-independent propulsion system developed by the 711th Research Institute of the China Shipbuilding Heavy Industry Group Corp. [22] In 1998, the first experimental sample was built and a decade later and after a ...