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John Dalton FRS (/ ˈ d ɔː l t ən /; 5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist. [1] He introduced the atomic theory into chemistry.
Besides the caloric theory, another theory existed in the late eighteenth century that could explain the phenomenon of heat: the kinetic theory. The two theories were considered to be equivalent at the time, but kinetic theory was the more modern one, as it used a few ideas from atomic theory and could explain both combustion and calorimetry.
1808 – John Dalton defends caloric theory in A New System of Chemistry and describes how it combines with matter, especially gases; he proposes that the heat capacity of gases varies inversely with atomic weight; 1810 – Sir John Leslie freezes water to ice artificially
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
1808 – John Dalton defends caloric theory in A New System of Chemistry and describes how it combines with matter, especially gases; he proposes that the heat capacity of gases varies inversely with atomic weight. 1810 – Sir John Leslie freezes water to ice artificially.
James Joule was born in 1818, the son of Benjamin Joule (1784–1858), a wealthy brewer, and his wife, Alice Prescott, on New Bailey Street in Salford. [3] Joule was tutored as a young man by the famous scientist John Dalton and was strongly influenced by chemist William Henry and Manchester engineers Peter Ewart and Eaton Hodgkinson.
In 1804, Dalton explained his atomic theory to his friend and fellow chemist Thomas Thomson, who published an explanation of Dalton's theory in his book A System of Chemistry in 1807. According to Thomson, Dalton's idea first occurred to him when experimenting with "olefiant gas" ( ethylene ) and "carburetted hydrogen gas" ( methane ).
His views were out of step with the accepted science of the time and the latter theory had particularly been attacked by John Dalton [2] and John Leslie. [3] Rumford was heavily influenced by the argument from design [4] and it is likely that he wished to grant water a privileged and providential status in the regulation of human life. [5]