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A value chain is a progression of activities that a business or firm performs in order to deliver goods and services of value to an end customer.The concept comes from the field of business management and was first described by Michael Porter in his 1985 best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.
A global value chain (GVC) refers to the full range of activities that economic actors engage in to bring a product to market. [1] The global value chain does not only involve production processes, but preproduction (such as design) and postproduction processes (such as marketing and distribution).
In 1990s the concept of value chain gained its credit among economists and business scholars. (Its prominent developer Michael Porter). The concept combined sequenced and interconnected activities in the process of value creation. Value chain concept focused on business activities, but not on the corporate power and institutional context.
For example, the provision of low-cost cell phones developed new market opportunities as well as new services for people living in poverty. Redefine productivity in the value chain to mitigate risks and boost productivity. For example, in reducing excess packing in product distribution reducing cost and environmental degradation.
Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1] [2] [3]
An extended enterprise is a loosely coupled, self-organizing network of firms that combine their economic output to provide products and services offerings to the market. . Firms in the extended enterprise may operate independently, for example, through market mechanisms, or cooperatively through agreements and contra
A major subset of value chain development work is concerned with ways of linking producers to companies, and hence into the value chains. [16] While there are examples of fully integrated value chains that do not involve smallholders (e.g. Unilever operates tea estates and tea processing facilities in Kenya and then blends and packs the tea in ...
The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories that explain and predict the nature of the firm, company, or corporation, including its existence, behaviour, structure, and relationship to the market. [1] Firms are key drivers in economics, providing goods and services in return for monetary payments and rewards.